Students will investigate and understand that elements have properties based on their atomic structure. The periodic table is an organizational tool for elements based on these properties.

Key information pertaining to the periodic table includes:

• Average atomic mass, isotopes, mass number, and atomic number.
• Nuclear decay.
• Electron configurations, valence electrons, excited electrons, and ions.
• Historical and quantum models. 

Students will investigate and understand that:

• Elements have properties based on their atomic structure. The periodic table is an organizational tool for elements based on these properties. Key information pertaining to the periodic table includes:
  • Trends within groups and periods including atomic radii, electronegativity, shielding effect, and ionization energy.
• Thermodynamics explains the relationship between matter and energy. Key ideas include:
  • Heating curves provide information about a substance.
  • Reactions are endothermic or exothermic.

Students will demonstrate an understanding that atoms are conserved in chemical reactions. Knowledge of chemical properties of the elements can be used to describe and predict chemical interactions.

Key ideas include:

• Chemical formulas are models used to represent the number of each type of atom in a substance.
• Substances are named based on the number of atoms and the type of interactions between atoms.
• Atoms bond based on electron interactions.
• Molecular geometry is predictive of physical and chemical properties.

Students will:

• Demonstrate an understanding that atoms are conserved in chemical reactions. Knowledge of chemical properties of the elements can be used to describe and predict chemical interactions. Key ideas include:
  • Balanced chemical equations model rearrangement of atoms in chemical reactions.
  • Reaction types can be predicted and classified.
• Demonstrate an understanding that thermodynamics explains the relationships between matter and energy. Key ideas include: 
• Reactions are endothermic or exothermic.
• Energy changes in reactions occur as bonds are broken and formed.

Students will demonstrate an understanding that molar relationships compare and predict chemical quantities.

Key ideas include:

• Avogadro’s principle is the basis for molar relationships.
• Stoichiometry mathematically describes quantities in chemical composition and in chemical reactions

Students will demonstrate an understanding that solutions behave in predictable and quantifiable ways.

Key ideas include:

• Molar relationships determine solution concentration.
• Changes in temperature can affect solubility.
• Extent of dissociation defines types of electrolytes.
• PH and pOH quantify acid and base dissociation.
• Colligative properties depend on the extent of dissociation.

Students will demonstrate an understanding that thermodynamics explains the relationship between matter and energy.

Key ideas include:

• Heat energy affects matter and interactions of matter.
• Heating curves provide information about a substance.
• Reactions are endothermic or exothermic.
• Energy changes in reactions occur as bonds are broken and formed.
• Collision theory predicts the rate of reactions.
• Rates of reactions depend on catalysts and activation energy.
• Enthalpy and entropy determine the extent of a reaction.

Students will demonstrate an understanding that the phases of matter are explained by the kinetic molecular theory.

Key ideas include:

• Pressure and temperature define the phase of a substance.
• Properties of ideal gasses are described by gas laws.
• Intermolecular forces affect physical properties.